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Labor policy. --- Labor economics.

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Labor unions --- Labor policy --- Elections --- Government policy

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Personnel management --- Labor policy --- Industrial relations --- Europe.

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Labor policy. --- Labor --- State and labor --- Economic policy --- Government policy

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Using firm-level data covering 709 cities in 128 countries, this paper examines the role of a comprehensive list of business environment variables at the subnational level in explaining firm employment and productivity growth. The analysis finds basic protection, access to finance and infrastructure, and the existence of a strong agglomeration environment to be critically important. By contrast, human capital and a list of refined business environment variables related to labor regulations, tax, and land access are found to be relatively unimportant. The analysis also finds that the effects of the business environment vary according to firm size, age, sector affiliation, and the host country's level of development. The research suggests that it pays to be comprehensive about the business environment and that attention to heterogeneity is important.

Business Environmentl --- Economic Growth --- Employment --- Labor Policy --- Productivity --- Taxation